Scaffolding*

Hill and Hannafin (2001) suggested four types of scaffolds:

Conceptual scaffolds may include outlines and concept maps that assist the learner in deciding what to consider or to prioritize what is important.

Metacognitive scaffolds may include a simple reminder to reflect on the goal or a problem solving model, which help learners assess what they know and what to do as they learn.

Procedural scaffolds may include procedures, site navigation maps, textual charts, and graphic representations that help the learner access and use resources while reducing the cognitive load in the mechanics of procedures and navigation.

Strategic scaffolds may include suggestions for alternative approaches to engaging a task that help the learner develop alternative perspective or ways in solving a problem.

Back to WebQuest Links

For specific examples of various scaffolding techniques, please visit these pages:

Reception Scaffolds
Transformation Scaffolds
Production Scaffolds
Process Guides

*Excerpted from an article on WebQuests: Web-Based Learning: How Task Scaffolding and Web Site Design Support Knowledge Acquisition. By: MacGregor, S. Kim; Yiping Lou. Journal of Research on Technology in Education, Winter2004, Vol. 37 Issue 2, p161, 15p; "The findings of this study revealed that conceptual scaffolds in the form of a study guide and a concept mapping template supported students as they were engaged in learner-centered resource-based learning. Providing a study guide that identified what information to extract and a concept map that provided cues for organizing and synthesizing their information were helpful in keeping students on task and facilitated higher-order learning." Hill, J., &

Hannafin, M. (2001). Teaching and learning in digital environments: The resurgence of resource-based learning. Educational Technology Research and Development, 49(5), 37—52.